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% This is LLNCS.DOC the documentation file of | |
% the LaTeX2e class from Springer-Verlag | |
% for Lecture Notes in Computer Science, version 2.4 | |
\documentclass{llncs} | |
\usepackage{llncsdoc} | |
% | |
\begin{document} | |
\markboth{\LaTeXe{} Class for Lecture Notes in Computer | |
Science}{\LaTeXe{} Class for Lecture Notes in Computer Science} | |
\thispagestyle{empty} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\LARGE\bfseries Instructions for Authors\\ | |
Coding with \LaTeX\\[2cm] | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt} | |
\vspace{2pt} | |
\begin{flushright} | |
\Huge | |
\begin{tabular}{@{}l} | |
\LaTeXe{} Class\\ | |
for Lecture Notes\\ | |
in Computer Science\\[6pt] | |
{\Large Version 2.4} | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushright} | |
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt} | |
\vfill | |
%\begin{flushleft} | |
%\large\itshape | |
%\begin{tabular}{@{}l} | |
%{\Large\upshape\bfseries Springer}\\[8pt] | |
%Berlin\enspace Heidelberg\enspace New\kern0.1em York\\[5pt] | |
%Barcelona\enspace Budapest\enspace Hong\kern0.2em Kong\\[5pt] | |
%London\enspace Milan\enspace Paris\enspace\\[5pt] | |
%Santa\kern0.2em Clara\enspace Singapore\enspace Tokyo | |
%\end{tabular} | |
%\end{flushleft} | |
\newpage | |
% | |
\section*{For further information please contact us:} | |
% | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}l@{\hspace{3mm}}l@{\qquad}l} | |
$\bullet$&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{\bfseries LNCS Editorial Office}\\[1mm] | |
&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Springer-Verlag}\\ | |
&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Computer Science Editorial}\\ | |
&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Tiergartenstra�e 17}\\ | |
&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{69121 Heidelberg}\\ | |
&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Germany}\\[0.5mm] | |
& Tel: & +49-6221-487-8706\\ | |
& Fax: & +49-6221-487-8588\\ | |
& e-mail: & \tt lncs@springer.com & for editorial questions\\ | |
& & \tt texhelp@springer.de & for \TeX{} problems\\[2mm] | |
\noalign{\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}} | |
\noalign{\vskip2mm} | |
% | |
%{\tt svserv@vax.ntp.springer.de}\hfil first try the \verb|help| | |
%command. | |
% | |
$\bullet$&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{\bfseries We are also reachable through the world wide web:}\\[1mm] | |
&\multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\texttt{http://www.springer.com}}&Springer Global Website\\ | |
&\multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\texttt{http://www.springer.com/lncs}}&LNCS home page\\ | |
&\multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\texttt{http://www.springerlink.com}}&data repository\\ | |
&\multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\texttt{ftp://ftp.springer.de}}&FTP server | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
% | |
\newpage | |
\tableofcontents | |
\newpage | |
% | |
\section{Introduction} | |
% | |
Authors wishing to code their contribution | |
with \LaTeX{}, as well as those who have already coded with \LaTeX{}, | |
will be provided with a document class that will give the text the | |
desired layout. Authors are requested to | |
adhere strictly to these instructions; {\em the class | |
file must not be changed}. | |
The text output area is automatically set within an area of | |
12.2\,cm horizontally and 19.3\,cm vertically. | |
If you are already familiar with \LaTeX{}, then the | |
LLNCS class should not give you any major difficulties. | |
It will change the layout to the required LLNCS style | |
(it will for instance define the layout of \verb|\section|). | |
We had to invent some extra commands, | |
which are not provided by \LaTeX{} (e.g.\ | |
\verb|\institute|, see also Sect.\,\ref{contbegin}) | |
For the main body of the paper (the text) you | |
should use the commands of the standard \LaTeX{} ``article'' class. | |
Even if you are familiar with those commands, we urge you to read | |
this entire documentation thoroughly. It contains many suggestions on | |
how to use our commands properly; thus your paper | |
will be formatted exactly to LLNCS standard. | |
For the input of the references at the end of your contribution, | |
please follow our instructions given in Sect.\,\ref{refer} References. | |
The majority of these hints are not specific for LLNCS; they may improve | |
your use of \LaTeX{} in general. | |
Furthermore, the documentation provides suggestions about the proper | |
editing and use | |
of the input files (capitalization, abbreviation etc.) (see | |
Sect.\,\ref{refedit} How to Edit Your Input File). | |
% | |
\section{How to Proceed} | |
% | |
The package consists of the following files: | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{2.5cm}l} | |
{\tt history.txt}& the version history of the package\\[2pt] | |
{\tt llncs.cls} & class file for \LaTeX{}\\[2pt] | |
{\tt llncs.dem} & an example showing how to code the text\\[2pt] | |
{\tt llncs.doc} & general instructions (source of this document),\\ | |
& {\tt llncs.doc} means {\itshape l\/}atex {\itshape doc\/}umentation for\\ | |
& {\itshape L\/}ecture {\itshape N}otes in {\itshape C\/}omputer {\itshape S\/}cience\\ | |
{\tt llncsdoc.pdf}& the documentation of the class (PDF version),\\ | |
{\tt llncs.doc} & general instructions (source of this document),\\ | |
{\tt llncsdoc.sty} & class modifications to help for the instructions\\ | |
{\tt llncsind.tex} & an external (faked) author index file\\ | |
{\tt subjidx.tex} & subject index demo from the Springer book package\\ | |
{\tt llncs.dvi} & the resultig DVI file (remember to use binary transfer!)\\[2pt] | |
{\tt sprmindx.sty} & supplementary style file for MakeIndex\\ | |
& (usage: {\tt makeindex -s sprmindx.sty <yourfile.idx>}) | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
% | |
\subsection{How to Invoke the LLNCS Document Class} | |
% | |
The LLNCS class is an extension of the standard \LaTeX{} ``article'' | |
document class. Therefore you may use all ``article'' commands for the | |
body of your contribution to prepare your manuscript. | |
LLNCS class is invoked by replacing ``article'' by ``llncs'' in the | |
first line of your document: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\documentclass{llncs} | |
% | |
\begin{document} | |
<Your contribution> | |
\end{document} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
% | |
\subsection{Contributions Already Coded with \protect\LaTeX{} without | |
the LLNCS document class} | |
% | |
If your file is already coded with \LaTeX{} you can easily | |
adapt it a posteriori to the LLNCS document class. | |
Please refrain from using any \LaTeX{} or \TeX{} commands | |
that affect the layout or formatting of your document (i.e. commands | |
like \verb|\textheight|, \verb|\vspace|, \verb|\headsep| etc.). | |
There may nevertheless be exceptional occasions on which to | |
use some of them. | |
The LLNCS document class has been carefully designed to produce the | |
right layout from your \LaTeX{} input. If there is anything specific you | |
would like to do and for which the style file does not provide a | |
command, {\em please contact us}. Same holds for any error and bug you | |
discover (there is however no reward for this -- sorry). | |
% | |
\section{General Rules for Coding Formulas} | |
% | |
With mathematical formulas you may proceed as described | |
in Sect.\,3.3 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference | |
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport (2nd~ed. 1994), Addison-Wesley Publishing | |
Company, Inc. | |
Equations are automatically numbered sequentially throughout your | |
contribution using arabic numerals in parentheses on the right-hand | |
side. | |
When you are working in math mode everything is typeset in italics. | |
Sometimes you need to insert non-mathematical elements (e.g.\ | |
words or phrases). Such insertions should be coded in roman | |
(with \verb|\mbox|) as illustrated in the following example: | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{equation} | |
\left(\frac{a^{2} + b^{2}}{c^{3}} \right) = 1 \quad | |
\mbox{ if } c\neq 0 \mbox{ and if } a,b,c\in \bbbr \enspace . | |
\end{equation} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\begin{equation} | |
\left(\frac{a^{2} + b^{2}}{c^{3}} \right) = 1 \quad | |
\mbox{ if } c\neq 0 \mbox{ and if } a,b,c\in \bbbr \enspace . | |
\end{equation} | |
If you wish to start a new paragraph immediately after a displayed | |
equation, insert a blank line so as to produce the required | |
indentation. If there is no new paragraph either do not insert | |
a blank line or code \verb|\noindent| immediately before | |
continuing the text. | |
Please punctuate a displayed equation in the same way as other | |
ordinary text but with an \verb|\enspace| before end punctuation. | |
Note that the sizes of the parentheses or other delimiter | |
symbols used in equations should ideally match the height of the | |
formulas being enclosed. This is automatically taken care of by | |
the following \LaTeX{} commands:\\[2mm] | |
\verb|\left(| or \verb|\left[| and | |
\verb|\right)| or \verb|\right]|. | |
% | |
\subsection{Italic and Roman Type in Math Mode} | |
% | |
\begin{alpherate} | |
\item | |
In math mode \LaTeX{} treats all letters as though they | |
were mathematical or physical variables, hence they are typeset as | |
characters of their own in | |
italics. However, for certain components of formulas, like short texts, | |
this would be incorrect and therefore coding in roman is required. | |
Roman should also be used for | |
subscripts and superscripts {\em in formulas\/} where these are | |
merely labels and not in themselves variables, | |
e.g. $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ \emph{not} $T_{eff}$, | |
$T_{\mathrm K}$ \emph{not} $T_K$ (K = Kelvin), | |
$m_{\mathrm e}$ \emph{not} $m_e$ (e = electron). | |
However, do not code for roman | |
if the sub/superscripts represent variables, | |
e.g.\ $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i}$. | |
\item | |
Please ensure that {\em physical units\/} (e.g.\ pc, erg s$^{-1}$ | |
K, cm$^{-3}$, W m$^{-2}$ Hz$^{-1}$, m kg s$^{-2}$ A$^{-2}$) and | |
{\em abbreviations\/} such as Ord, Var, GL, SL, sgn, const.\ | |
are always set in roman type. To ensure | |
this use the \verb|\mathrm| command: \verb|\mathrm{Hz}|. | |
On p.\ 44 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference | |
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport you will find the names of | |
common mathe\-matical functions, such as log, sin, exp, max and sup. | |
These should be coded as \verb|\log|, | |
\verb|\sin|, \verb|\exp|, \verb|\max|, \verb|\sup| | |
and will appear in roman automatically. | |
\item | |
Chemical symbols and formulas should be coded for roman, | |
e.g.\ Fe not $Fe$, H$_2$O not {\em H$_2$O}. | |
\item | |
Familiar foreign words and phrases, e.g.\ et al., | |
a priori, in situ, brems\-strah\-lung, eigenvalues should not be | |
italicized. | |
\end{alpherate} | |
% | |
\section{How to Edit Your Input (Source) File} | |
\label{refedit} | |
% | |
\subsection{Headings}\label{headings} | |
% | |
All words in headings should be capitalized except for conjunctions, | |
prepositions (e.g.\ on, of, by, and, or, but, from, with, without, | |
under) and definite and indefinite articles (the, a, an) unless they | |
appear at the beginning. Formula letters must be typeset as in the text. | |
% | |
\subsection{Capitalization and Non-capitalization} | |
% | |
\begin{alpherate} | |
\item | |
The following should always be capitalized: | |
\begin{itemize} | |
\item | |
Headings (see preceding Sect.\,\ref{headings}) | |
\item | |
Abbreviations and expressions | |
in the text such as Fig(s)., Table(s), Sect(s)., Chap(s)., | |
Theorem, Corollary, Definition etc. when used with numbers, e.g.\ | |
Fig.\,3, Table\,1, Theorem 2. | |
\end{itemize} | |
Please follow the special rules in Sect.\,\ref{abbrev} for referring to | |
equations. | |
\item | |
The following should {\em not\/} be capitalized: | |
\begin{itemize} | |
\item | |
The words figure(s), table(s), equation(s), theorem(s) in the text when | |
used without an accompanying number. | |
\item | |
Figure legends and table captions except for names and abbreviations. | |
\end{itemize} | |
\end{alpherate} | |
% | |
\subsection{Abbreviation of Words}\label{abbrev} | |
% | |
\begin{alpherate} | |
\item | |
The following {\em should} be abbreviated when they appear in running | |
text {\em unless\/} they come at the beginning of a sentence: Chap., | |
Sect., Fig.; e.g.\ The results are depicted in Fig.\,5. Figure 9 reveals | |
that \dots .\\ | |
{\em Please note\/}: Equations should usually be referred to solely by | |
their number in parentheses: e.g.\ (14). However, when the reference | |
comes at the beginning of a sentence, the unabbreviated word | |
``Equation'' should be used: e.g.\ Equation (14) is very important. | |
However, (15) makes it clear that \dots . | |
\item | |
If abbreviations of names or concepts are used | |
throughout the text, they should be defined at first occurrence, | |
e.g.\ Plurisubharmonic (PSH) Functions, Strong Optimization (SOPT) | |
Problem. | |
\end{alpherate} | |
% | |
\section{How to Code the Beginning of Your Contribution} | |
\label{contbegin} | |
% | |
The title of a single contribution (it is mandatory) should be coded as | |
follows: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\title{<Your contribution title>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
All words in titles should be capitalized except for conjunctions, | |
prepositions (e.g.\ on, of, by, and, or, but, from, with, without, | |
under) and definite and indefinite articles (the, a, an) unless they | |
appear at the beginning. Formula letters must be typeset as in the text. | |
Titles have no end punctuation. | |
If a long \verb|\title| must be divided please use the code \verb|\\| | |
(for new line). | |
If you are to produce running heads for a specific volume the standard | |
(of no such running heads) is overwritten with the \verb|[runningheads]| | |
option in the \verb|\documentclass| line. For long titles that do not | |
fit in the single line of the running head a warning is generated. | |
You can specify an abbreviated title for the running head on odd pages | |
with the command | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\titlerunning{<Your abbreviated contribution title>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
There is also a possibility to change the text of the title that goes | |
into the table of contents (that's for volume editors only -- there is | |
no table of contents for a single contribution). For this use the | |
command | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\toctitle{<Your changed title for the table of contents>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
An optional subtitle may follow then: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\subtitle{<subtitle of your contribution>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
Now the name(s) of the author(s) must be given: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\author{<author(s) name(s)>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
Numbers referring to different addresses or affiliations are | |
to be attached to each author with the \verb|\inst{<no>}| command. | |
If there is more than one author, the order is up to you; | |
the \verb|\and| command provides for the separation. | |
If you have done this correctly, this entry now reads, for example: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\author{Ivar Ekeland\inst{1} \and Roger Temam\inst{2}} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
The first name\footnote{Other initials are optional | |
and may be inserted if this is the usual | |
way of writing your name, e.g.\ Alfred J.~Holmes, E.~Henry Green.} | |
is followed by the surname. | |
As for the title there exist two additional commands (again for volume | |
editors only) for a different author list. One for the running head | |
(on odd pages) -- if there is any: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\authorrunning{<abbreviated author list>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
And one for the table of contents where the | |
affiliation of each author is simply added in braces. | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\tocauthor{<enhanced author list for the table of contents>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
Next the address(es) of institute(s), company etc. is (are) required. | |
If there is more than one address, the entries are numbered | |
automatically with \verb|\and|, in the order in which you type them. | |
Please make sure that the numbers match those placed next to | |
to the authors' names to reflect the affiliation. | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\institute{<name of an institute> | |
\and <name of the next institute> | |
\and <name of the next institute>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
In addition, you can use | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\email{<email address>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
to provide your email address within \verb|\institute|. If you need to | |
typeset the tilde character -- e.g. for your web page in your unix | |
system's home directory -- the \verb|\homedir| command will happily do | |
this. Please note that, if your email address is given in your paper, | |
it will also be included in the meta data of the online version. | |
\enlargethispage*{6mm} | |
\medskip | |
If footnote like things are needed anywhere in the contribution heading | |
please code | |
(immediately after the word where the footnote indicator should be | |
placed): | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\thanks{<text>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\verb|\thanks| may only appear in \verb|\title|, \verb|\author| | |
and \verb|\institute| to footnote anything. If there are two or more | |
footnotes or affiliation marks to a specific item separate them with | |
\verb|\fnmsep| (i.e. {\itshape f}oot\emph note \emph mark | |
\emph{sep}arator). | |
\medskip\noindent | |
The command | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\maketitle | |
\end{verbatim} | |
then formats the complete heading of your article. If you leave | |
it out the work done so far will produce \emph{no} text. | |
Then the abstract should follow. Simply code | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{abstract} | |
<Text of the summary of your article> | |
\end{abstract} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
or refer to the demonstration file {\tt llncs.dem} for an example or | |
to the {\em Sample Input\/} on p.~\pageref{samppage}. | |
\subsubsection{Remark to Running Heads and the Table of Contents} | |
\leavevmode\\[\medskipamount] | |
If you are the author of a single contribution you normally have no | |
running heads and no table of contents. Both are done only by the editor | |
of the volume or at the printers. | |
% | |
\section{Special Commands for the Volume Editor} | |
The volume editor can produce a complete camera ready output including | |
running heads, a table of contents, preliminary text (frontmatter), and | |
index or glossary. For activating the running heads there is the class | |
option \verb|[runningheads]|. | |
The table of contents of the volume is printed wherever | |
\verb|\tableofcontents| is placed. A simple compilation of all | |
contributions (fields \verb|\title| and \verb|\author|) is done. If you | |
wish to change this automatically produced list use the commands | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\titlerunning \toctitle | |
\authorrunning \tocauthor | |
\end{verbatim} | |
to enhance the information in the specific contributions. See the | |
demonstration file \verb|llncs.dem| for examples. | |
An additional structure can be added to the table of contents with the | |
\verb|\addtocmark{<text>}| command. It has an optional numerical | |
argument, a digit from 1 through 3. 3 (the default) makes an unnumbered | |
chapter like entry in the table of contents. If you code | |
\verb|\addtocmark[2]{text}| the corresponding page number is listed | |
also, \verb|\addtocmark[1]{text}| even introduces a chapter number | |
beyond it. | |
% | |
\section{How to Code Your Text} | |
% | |
The contribution title and all headings should be capitalized | |
except for conjunctions, prepositions (e.g.\ on, of, by, and, or, but, | |
from, with, without, under) and definite and indefinite articles (the, | |
a, an) unless they appear at the beginning. Formula letters must be | |
typeset as in the text. | |
Headings will be automatically numbered by the following codes.\\[2mm] | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\section{This is a First-Order Title} | |
\subsection{This is a Second-Order Title} | |
\subsubsection{This is a Third-Order Title.} | |
\paragraph{This is a Fourth-Order Title.} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\verb|\section| and \verb|\subsection| have no end punctuation.\\ | |
\verb|\subsubsection| and \verb|\paragraph| | |
need to be punctuated at the end. | |
In addition to the above-mentioned headings your text may be structured | |
by subsections indicated by run-in headings (theorem-like environments). | |
All the theorem-like environments are numbered automatically | |
throughout the sections of your document -- each with its own counter. | |
If you want the theorem-like environments to use the same counter | |
just specify the documentclass option \verb|envcountsame|: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\documentclass[envcountsame]{llncs} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
If your first call for a theorem-like environment then is e.g. | |
\verb|\begin{lemma}|, it will be numbered 1; if corollary follows, | |
this will be numbered 2; if you then call lemma again, this will be | |
numbered 3. | |
But in case you want to reset such counters to 1 in each section, | |
please specify the documentclass option \verb|envcountreset|: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\documentclass[envcountreset]{llncs} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
Even a numbering on section level (including the section counter) is | |
possible with the documentclass option \verb|envcountsect|. | |
\section{Predefined Theorem like Environments}\label{builtintheo} | |
The following variety of run-in headings are at your disposal: | |
\begin{alpherate} | |
\item | |
{\bfseries Bold} run-in headings with italicized text | |
as built-in environments: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{corollary} <text> \end{corollary} | |
\begin{lemma} <text> \end{lemma} | |
\begin{proposition} <text> \end{proposition} | |
\begin{theorem} <text> \end{theorem} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\item | |
The following generally appears as {\itshape italic} run-in heading: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{proof} <text> \qed \end{proof} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
It is unnumbered and may contain an eye catching square (call for that | |
with \verb|\qed|) before the environment ends. | |
\item | |
Further {\itshape italic} or {\bfseries bold} run-in headings with roman | |
environment body may also occur: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{definition} <text> \end{definition} | |
\begin{example} <text> \end{example} | |
\begin{exercise} <text> \end{exercise} | |
\begin{note} <text> \end{note} | |
\begin{problem} <text> \end{problem} | |
\begin{question} <text> \end{question} | |
\begin{remark} <text> \end{remark} | |
\begin{solution} <text> \end{solution} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\end{alpherate} | |
\section{Defining your Own Theorem like Environments} | |
We have enhanced the standard \verb|\newtheorem| command and slightly | |
changed its syntax to get two new commands \verb|\spnewtheorem| and | |
\verb|\spnewtheorem*| that now can be used to define additional | |
environments. They require two additional arguments namely the type | |
style in which the keyword of the environment appears and second the | |
style for the text of your new environment. | |
\verb|\spnewtheorem| can be used in two ways. | |
\subsection{Method 1 {\itshape (preferred)}} | |
You may want to create an environment that shares its counter | |
with another environment, say {\em main theorem\/} to be numbered like | |
the predefined {\em theorem\/}. In this case, use the syntax | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\spnewtheorem{<env_nam>}[<num_like>]{<caption>} | |
{<cap_font>}{<body_font>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\noindent | |
Here the environment with which the new environment should share its | |
counter is specified with the optional argument \verb|[<num_like>]|. | |
\paragraph{Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\spnewtheorem{mainth}[theorem]{Main Theorem}{\bfseries}{\itshape} | |
\begin{theorem} The early bird gets the worm. \end{theorem} | |
\begin{mainth} The early worm gets eaten. \end{mainth} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\medskip\noindent | |
{\em Sample Output} | |
\medskip\noindent | |
{\bfseries Theorem 3.}\enspace {\em The early bird gets the worm.} | |
\medskip\noindent | |
{\bfseries Main Theorem 4.} The early worm gets eaten. | |
\bigskip | |
The sharing of the default counter (\verb|[theorem]|) is desired. If you | |
omit the optional second argument of \verb|\spnewtheorem| a separate | |
counter for your new environment is used throughout your document. | |
\subsection[Method 2]{Method 2 {\itshape (assumes {\tt[envcountsect]} | |
documentstyle option)}} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\spnewtheorem{<env_nam>}{<caption>}[<within>] | |
{<cap_font>}{<body_font>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\noindent | |
This defines a new environment \verb|<env_nam>| which prints the caption | |
\verb|<caption>| in the font \verb|<cap_font>| and the text itself in | |
the font \verb|<body_font>|. The environment is numbered beginning anew | |
with every new sectioning element you specify with the optional | |
parameter \verb|<within>|. | |
\medskip\noindent | |
\paragraph{Example} \leavevmode | |
\medskip\noindent | |
\verb|\spnewtheorem{joke}{Joke}[subsection]{\bfseries}{\rmfamily}| | |
\medskip | |
\noindent defines a new environment called \verb|joke| which prints the | |
caption {\bfseries Joke} in boldface and the text in roman. The jokes are | |
numbered starting from 1 at the beginning of every subsection with the | |
number of the subsection preceding the number of the joke e.g. 7.2.1 for | |
the first joke in subsection 7.2. | |
\subsection{Unnumbered Environments} | |
If you wish to have an unnumbered environment, please | |
use the syntax | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\spnewtheorem*{<env_nam>}{<caption>}{<cap_font>}{<body_font>} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\section{Program Codes} | |
In case you want to show pieces of program code, just use the | |
\verb|verbatim| environment or the \verb|verbatim| package of \LaTeX. | |
(There also exist various pretty printers for some programming | |
languages.) | |
% | |
\noindent | |
\subsection*{Sample Input {\rmfamily(of a simple | |
contribution)}}\label{samppage} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\title{Hamiltonian Mechanics} | |
\author{Ivar Ekeland\inst{1} \and Roger Temam\inst{2}} | |
\institute{Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA | |
\and | |
Universit\'{e} de Paris-Sud, | |
Laboratoire d'Analyse Num\'{e}rique, B\^{a}timent 425,\\ | |
F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France} | |
\maketitle | |
% | |
\begin{abstract} | |
This paragraph shall summarize the contents of the paper | |
in short terms. | |
\end{abstract} | |
% | |
\section{Fixed-Period Problems: The Sublinear Case} | |
% | |
With this chapter, the preliminaries are over, and we begin the | |
search for periodic solutions \dots | |
% | |
\subsection{Autonomous Systems} | |
% | |
In this section we will consider the case when the Hamiltonian | |
$H(x)$ \dots | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{The General Case: Nontriviality.} | |
% | |
We assume that $H$ is | |
$\left(A_{\infty}, B_{\infty}\right)$-subqua\-dra\-tic | |
at infinity, for some constant \dots | |
% | |
\paragraph{Notes and Comments.} | |
The first results on subharmonics were \dots | |
% | |
\begin{proposition} | |
Assume $H'(0)=0$ and $ H(0)=0$. Set \dots | |
\end{proposition} | |
\begin{proof}[of proposition] | |
Condition (8) means that, for every $\delta'>\delta$, there is | |
some $\varepsilon>0$ such that \dots \qed | |
\end{proof} | |
% | |
\begin{example}[\rmfamily (External forcing)] | |
Consider the system \dots | |
\end{example} | |
\begin{corollary} | |
Assume $H$ is $C^{2}$ and | |
$\left(a_{\infty}, b_{\infty}\right)$-subquadratic | |
at infinity. Let \dots | |
\end{corollary} | |
\begin{lemma} | |
Assume that $H$ is $C^{2}$ on $\bbbr^{2n}\backslash \{0\}$ | |
and that $H''(x)$ is \dots | |
\end{lemma} | |
\begin{theorem}[(Ghoussoub-Preiss)] | |
Let $X$ be a Banach Space and $\Phi:X\to\bbbr$ \dots | |
\end{theorem} | |
\begin{definition} | |
We shall say that a $C^{1}$ function $\Phi:X\to\bbbr$ | |
satisfies \dots | |
\end{definition} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
{\itshape Sample Output\/} (follows on the next page together with | |
examples of the above run-in headings) | |
\newcounter{save}\setcounter{save}{\value{section}} | |
{\def\addtocontents#1#2{}% | |
\def\addcontentsline#1#2#3{}% | |
\def\markboth#1#2{}% | |
% | |
\title{Hamiltonian Mechanics} | |
\author{Ivar Ekeland\inst{1} \and Roger Temam\inst{2}} | |
\institute{Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA | |
\and | |
Universit\'{e} de Paris-Sud, | |
Laboratoire d'Analyse Num\'{e}rique, B\^{a}timent 425,\\ | |
F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France} | |
\maketitle | |
% | |
\begin{abstract} | |
This paragraph shall summarize the contents of the paper | |
in short terms. | |
\end{abstract} | |
% | |
\section{Fixed-Period Problems: The Sublinear Case} | |
% | |
With this chapter, the preliminaries are over, and we begin the search | |
for periodic solutions \dots | |
% | |
\subsection{Autonomous Systems} | |
% | |
In this section we will consider the case when the Hamiltonian | |
$H(x)$ \dots | |
% | |
\subsubsection{The General Case: Nontriviality.} | |
% | |
We assume that $H$ is | |
$\left(A_{\infty}, B_{\infty}\right)$-subqua\-dra\-tic at | |
infinity, for some constant \dots | |
% | |
\paragraph{Notes and Comments.} | |
The first results on subharmonics were \dots | |
% | |
\begin{proposition} | |
Assume $H'(0)=0$ and $ H(0)=0$. Set \dots | |
\end{proposition} | |
\begin{proof}[of proposition] | |
Condition (8) means that, for every $\delta'>\delta$, there is | |
some $\varepsilon>0$ such that \dots \qed | |
\end{proof} | |
% | |
\begin{example}[{{\rmfamily External forcing}}] | |
Consider the system \dots | |
\end{example} | |
\begin{corollary} | |
Assume $H$ is $C^{2}$ and | |
$\left(a_{\infty}, b_{\infty}\right)$-subquadratic | |
at infinity. Let \dots | |
\end{corollary} | |
\begin{lemma} | |
Assume that $H$ is $C^{2}$ on $\bbbr^{2n}\backslash \{0\}$ | |
and that $H''(x)$ is \dots | |
\end{lemma} | |
\begin{theorem}[Ghoussoub-Preiss] | |
Let $X$ be a Banach Space and $\Phi:X\to\bbbr$ \dots | |
\end{theorem} | |
\begin{definition} | |
We shall say that a $C^{1}$ function $\Phi:X\to\bbbr$ satisfies \dots | |
\end{definition} | |
% | |
}\setcounter{section}{\value{save}} | |
\section{Fine Tuning of the Text} | |
% | |
The following should be used to improve the readability of the text: | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{.19\textwidth}p{.79\textwidth}} | |
\verb|\,| & a thin space, e.g.\ between numbers or between units | |
and num\-bers; a line division will not be made | |
following this space\\ | |
\verb|--| & en dash; two strokes, without a space at either end\\ | |
\verb*| -- |& en dash; two strokes, with a space at either end\\ | |
\verb|-| & hyphen; one stroke, no space at either end\\ | |
\verb|$-$| & minus, in the text {\em only} \\[8mm] | |
{\em Input} & \verb|21\,$^{\circ}$C etc.,|\\ | |
& \verb|Dr h.\,c.\,Rockefellar-Smith \dots|\\ | |
& \verb|20,000\,km and Prof.\,Dr Mallory \dots|\\ | |
& \verb|1950--1985 \dots|\\ | |
& \verb|this -- written on a computer -- is now printed|\\ | |
& \verb|$-30$\,K \dots|\\[3mm] | |
{\em Output}& 21\,$^{\circ}$C etc., Dr h.\,c.\,Rockefellar-Smith \dots\\ | |
& 20,000\,km and Prof.\,Dr Mallory \dots\\ | |
& 1950--1985 \dots\\ | |
& this -- written on a computer -- is now printed\\ | |
& $-30$\,K \dots | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
% | |
\section {Special Typefaces} | |
% | |
Normal type (roman text) need not be coded. {\itshape Italic} | |
(\verb|{\em <text>}| better still \verb|\emph{<text>}|) or, if | |
necessary, {\bfseries boldface} should be used for emphasis.\\[6pt] | |
\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{.25\textwidth}@{\hskip6pt}p{.73\textwidth}@{}} | |
\verb|{\itshape Text}| & {\itshape Italicized Text}\\[2pt] | |
\verb|{\em Text}| & {\em Emphasized Text -- | |
if you would like to emphasize a {\em definition} within an | |
italicized text (e.g.\ of a {\em theorem)} you should code the | |
expression to be emphasized by} \verb|\em|.\\[2pt] | |
\verb|{\bfseries Text}|& {\bfseries Important Text}\\[2pt] | |
\verb|\vec{Symbol}| & Vectors may only appear in math mode. The default | |
\LaTeX{} vector symbol has been adapted\footnotemark\ | |
to LLNCS conventions.\\[2pt] | |
& \verb|$\vec{A \times B\cdot C}| yields $\vec{A\times B\cdot C}$\\ | |
& \verb|$\vec{A}^{T} \otimes \vec{B} \otimes|\\ | |
& \verb|\vec{\hat{D}}$|yields $\vec{A}^{T} \otimes \vec{B} \otimes | |
\vec{\hat{D}}$ | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\end{minipage} | |
\footnotetext{If you absolutely must revive the original \LaTeX{} | |
design of the vector symbol (as an arrow accent), please specify the | |
option \texttt{[orivec]} in the \texttt{documentclass} line.} | |
\newpage | |
% | |
\section {Footnotes} | |
% | |
Footnotes within the text should be coded: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\footnote{Text} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
Text with a footnote\verb|\footnote{The |{\tt footnote is automatically | |
numbered.}\verb|}| and text continues \dots | |
\end{flushleft} | |
{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
Text with a footnote\footnote{The footnote is automatically numbered.} | |
and text continues \dots | |
\end{flushleft} | |
% | |
\section {Lists} | |
% | |
Please code lists as described below:\\[2mm] | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{enumerate} | |
\item First item | |
\item Second item | |
\begin{enumerate} | |
\item First nested item | |
\item Second nested item | |
\end{enumerate} | |
\item Third item | |
\end{enumerate} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\begin{enumerate} | |
\item First item | |
\item Second item | |
\begin{enumerate} | |
\item First nested item | |
\item Second nested item | |
\end{enumerate} | |
\item Third item | |
\end{enumerate} | |
% | |
\section {Figures} | |
% | |
Figure environments should be inserted after (not in) | |
the paragraph in which the figure is first mentioned. | |
They will be numbered automatically. | |
Preferably the images should be enclosed as PostScript files -- best as | |
EPS data using the epsfig package. | |
If you cannot include them into your output this way and use other | |
techniques for a separate production, | |
the figures (line drawings and those containing halftone inserts | |
as well as halftone figures) {\em should not be pasted into your | |
laserprinter output}. They should be enclosed separately in camera-ready | |
form (original artwork, glossy prints, photographs and/or slides). The | |
lettering should be suitable for reproduction, and after a | |
probably necessary reduction the height of capital letters should be at | |
least 1.8\,mm and not more than 2.5\,mm. | |
Check that lines and other details are uniformly black and | |
that the lettering on figures is clearly legible. | |
To leave the desired amount of space for the height of | |
your figures, please use the coding described below. | |
As can be seen in the output, we will automatically | |
provide 1\,cm space above and below the figure, | |
so that you should only leave the space equivalent to the size of the | |
figure itself. Please note that ``\verb|x|'' in the following | |
coding stands for the actual height of the figure: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{figure} | |
\vspace{x cm} | |
\caption[ ]{...text of caption...} (Do type [ ]) | |
\end{figure} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{figure} | |
\vspace{2.5cm} | |
\caption{This is the caption of the figure displaying a white | |
eagle and a white horse on a snow field} | |
\end{figure} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\begin{figure} | |
\vspace{2.5cm} | |
\caption{This is the caption of the figure displaying a white eagle and | |
a white horse on a snow field} | |
\end{figure} | |
% | |
\section{Tables} | |
% | |
Table captions should be treated | |
in the same way as figure legends, except that | |
the table captions appear {\itshape above} the tables. The tables | |
will be numbered automatically. | |
% | |
\subsection{Tables Coded with \protect\LaTeX{}} | |
% | |
Please use the following coding:\\[2mm] | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{table} | |
\caption{Critical $N$ values} | |
\begin{tabular}{llllll} | |
\hline\noalign{\smallskip} | |
${\mathrm M}_\odot$ & $\beta_{0}$ & $T_{\mathrm c6}$ & $\gamma$ | |
& $N_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm L}$ | |
& $N_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{Te}}$\\ | |
\noalign{\smallskip} | |
\hline | |
\noalign{\smallskip} | |
30 & 0.82 & 38.4 & 35.7 & 154 & 320 \\ | |
60 & 0.67 & 42.1 & 34.7 & 138 & 340 \\ | |
120 & 0.52 & 45.1 & 34.0 & 124 & 370 \\ | |
\hline | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{table} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
\medskip\noindent{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\begin{table} | |
\caption{Critical $N$ values} | |
\begin{center} | |
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.4} | |
\setlength\tabcolsep{3pt} | |
\begin{tabular}{llllll} | |
\hline\noalign{\smallskip} | |
${\mathrm M}_\odot$ & $\beta_{0}$ & $T_{\mathrm c6}$ & $\gamma$ | |
& $N_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm L}$ | |
& $N_{\mathrm{crit}}^{\mathrm{Te}}$\\ | |
\noalign{\smallskip} | |
\hline | |
\noalign{\smallskip} | |
30 & 0.82 & 38.4 & 35.7 & 154 & 320 \\ | |
60 & 0.67 & 42.1 & 34.7 & 138 & 340 \\ | |
120 & 0.52 & 45.1 & 34.0 & 124 & 370 \\ | |
\hline | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{center} | |
\end{table} | |
Before continuing your text you need an empty line. \dots | |
\vspace{3mm} | |
For further information you will find a complete description of | |
the tabular environment | |
on p.~62~ff. and p.~204 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference | |
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport. | |
% | |
\subsection{Tables Not Coded with \protect\LaTeX{}} | |
% | |
If you do not wish to code your table using \LaTeX{} | |
but prefer to have it reproduced separately, | |
proceed as for figures and use the following coding:\\[2mm] | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{table} | |
\caption{text of your caption} | |
\vspace{x cm} % the actual height needed for your table | |
\end{table} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
% | |
\subsection{Signs and Characters} | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{Special Signs.} | |
% | |
You may need to use special signs. The available ones are listed in the | |
{\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport, | |
pp.~41\,ff. | |
We have created further symbols for math mode (enclosed in \$): | |
\begin{center} | |
\begin{tabular}{l@{\hspace{1em}yields\hspace{1em}} | |
c@{\hspace{3em}}l@{\hspace{1em}yields\hspace{1em}}c} | |
\verb|\grole| & $\grole$ & \verb|\getsto| & $\getsto$\\ | |
\verb|\lid| & $\lid$ & \verb|\gid| & $\gid$ | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{center} | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{Gothic (Fraktur).} | |
% | |
If gothic letters are {\itshape necessary}, please use those of the | |
relevant \AmSTeX{} alphabet which are available using the amstex | |
package of the American Mathematical Society. | |
In \LaTeX{} only the following gothic letters are available: | |
\verb|$\Re$| yields $\Re$ and \verb|$\Im$| yields $\Im$. These should | |
{\itshape not\/} be used when you need gothic letters for your contribution. | |
Use \AmSTeX{} gothic as explained above. For the real and the imaginary | |
parts of a complex number within math mode you should use instead: | |
\verb|$\mathrm{Re}$| (which yields Re) or \verb|$\mathrm{Im}$| (which | |
yields Im). | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{Script.} | |
% | |
For script capitals use the coding | |
\begin{center} | |
\begin{tabular}{l@{\hspace{1em}which yields\hspace{1em}}c} | |
\verb|$\mathcal{AB}$| & $\mathcal{AB}$ | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{center} | |
(see p.~42 of the \LaTeX{} book). | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{Special Roman.} | |
% | |
If you need other symbols than those below, you could use | |
the blackboard bold characters of \AmSTeX{}, but there might arise | |
capacity problems | |
in loading additional \AmSTeX{} fonts. Therefore we created | |
the blackboard bold characters listed below. | |
Some of them are not esthetically | |
satisfactory. This need not deter you from using them: | |
in the final printed form they will be | |
replaced by the well-designed MT (monotype) characters of | |
the phototypesetting machine. | |
\begin{flushleft} | |
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{ yields } | |
c@{\hspace{1.em}}ll@{ yields }c} | |
\verb|\bbbc| & (complex numbers) & $\bbbc$ | |
& \verb|\bbbf| & (blackboard bold F) & $\bbbf$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbh| & (blackboard bold H) & $\bbbh$ | |
& \verb|\bbbk| & (blackboard bold K) & $\bbbk$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbm| & (blackboard bold M) & $\bbbm$ | |
& \verb|\bbbn| & (natural numbers N) & $\bbbn$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbp| & (blackboard bold P) & $\bbbp$ | |
& \verb|\bbbq| & (rational numbers) & $\bbbq$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbr| & (real numbers) & $\bbbr$ | |
& \verb|\bbbs| & (blackboard bold S) & $\bbbs$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbt| & (blackboard bold T) & $\bbbt$ | |
& \verb|\bbbz| & (whole numbers) & $\bbbz$\\ | |
\verb|\bbbone| & (symbol one) & $\bbbone$ | |
\end{tabular} | |
\end{flushleft} | |
\begin{displaymath} | |
\begin{array}{c} | |
\bbbc^{\bbbc^{\bbbc}} \otimes | |
\bbbf_{\bbbf_{\bbbf}} \otimes | |
\bbbh_{\bbbh_{\bbbh}} \otimes | |
\bbbk_{\bbbk_{\bbbk}} \otimes | |
\bbbm^{\bbbm^{\bbbm}} \otimes | |
\bbbn_{\bbbn_{\bbbn}} \otimes | |
\bbbp^{\bbbp^{\bbbp}}\\[2mm] | |
\otimes | |
\bbbq_{\bbbq_{\bbbq}} \otimes | |
\bbbr^{\bbbr^{\bbbr}} \otimes | |
\bbbs^{\bbbs_{\bbbs}} \otimes | |
\bbbt^{\bbbt^{\bbbt}} \otimes | |
\bbbz \otimes | |
\bbbone^{\bbbone_{\bbbone}} | |
\end{array} | |
\end{displaymath} | |
% | |
\section{References} | |
\label{refer} | |
% | |
There are three reference systems available; only one, of course, | |
should be used for your contribution. With each system (by | |
number only, by letter-number or by author-year) a reference list | |
containing all citations in the | |
text, should be included at the end of your contribution placing the | |
\LaTeX{} environment \verb|thebibliography| there. | |
For an overall information on that environment | |
see the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference | |
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport, p.~71. | |
There is a special {\sc Bib}\TeX{} style for LLNCS that works along | |
with the class: \verb|splncs.bst| | |
-- call for it with a line \verb|\bibliographystyle{splncs}|. | |
If you plan to use another {\sc Bib}\TeX{} style you are customed to, | |
please specify the option \verb|[oribibl]| in the | |
\verb|documentclass| line, like: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\documentclass[oribibl]{llncs} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
This will retain the original \LaTeX{} code for the bibliographic | |
environment and the \verb|\cite| mechanism that many {\sc Bib}\TeX{} | |
applications rely on. | |
% | |
\subsection{References by Letter-Number or by Number Only} | |
% | |
References are cited in the text -- using the \verb|\cite| | |
command of \LaTeX{} -- by number or by letter-number in square | |
brackets, e.g.\ [1] or [E1, S2], [P1], according to your use of the | |
\verb|\bibitem| command in the \verb|thebibliography| environment. The | |
coding is as follows: if you choose your own label for the sources by | |
giving an optional argument to the \verb|\bibitem| command the citations | |
in the text are marked with the label you supplied. Otherwise a simple | |
numbering is done, which is preferred. | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
The results in this section are a refined version | |
of \cite{clar:eke}; the minimality result of Proposition~14 | |
was the first of its kind. | |
\end{verbatim} | |
The above input produces the citation: ``\dots\ refined version of | |
[CE1]; the min\-i\-mality\dots''. Then the \verb|\bibitem| entry of | |
the \verb|thebibliography| environment should read: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{thebibliography}{[MT1]} | |
. | |
. | |
\bibitem[CE1]{clar:eke} | |
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I.: | |
Nonlinear oscillations and boundary-value problems for | |
Hamiltonian systems. | |
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 78, 315--333 (1982) | |
. | |
. | |
\end{thebibliography} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
The complete bibliography looks like this: | |
% | |
\begin{thebibliography}{[MT1]} | |
% | |
\bibitem[CE1]{clar:eke} | |
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I.: | |
Nonlinear oscillations and | |
boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems. | |
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 78, 315--333 (1982) | |
% | |
\bibitem[CE2]{clar:eke:2} | |
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I.: | |
Solutions p\'{e}riodiques, du | |
p\'{e}riode donn\'{e}e, des \'{e}quations hamiltoniennes. | |
Note CRAS Paris 287, 1013--1015 (1978) | |
% | |
\bibitem[MT1]{mich:tar} | |
Michalek, R., Tarantello, G.: | |
Subharmonic solutions with prescribed minimal | |
period for nonautonomous Hamiltonian systems. | |
J. Diff. Eq. 72, 28--55 (1988) | |
% | |
\bibitem[Ta1]{tar} | |
Tarantello, G.: | |
Subharmonic solutions for Hamiltonian | |
systems via a $\bbbz_{p}$ pseudoindex theory. | |
Annali di Matematica Pura (to appear) | |
% | |
\bibitem[Ra1]{rab} | |
Rabinowitz, P.: | |
On subharmonic solutions of a Hamiltonian system. | |
Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 33, 609--633 (1980) | |
\end{thebibliography} | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{Number-Only System.} | |
% | |
For this preferred system do not use the optional argument | |
in the \verb|\bibitem| command: then, only numbers will | |
appear for the citations in the text (enclosed in square brackets) | |
as well as for the marks in your | |
bibliography (here the number is only end-punctuated without | |
square brackets). | |
Subsequent citation numbers in the text are collapsed to ranges. | |
Non-numeric and undefined labels are handled correctly but no sorting is | |
done. | |
E.g., \verb|\cite{n1,n3,n2,n3,n4,n5,foo,n1,n2,n3,?,n4,n5}| -- where | |
\verb|n|$x$ is the key of the $x^{\mathrm{th}}$ \verb|\bibitem| | |
command in sequence, \verb|foo| is the key of a \verb|\bibitem| with an | |
optional argument, and \verb|?| is an undefined reference -- gives | |
1,3,2-5,foo,1-3,?,4,5 as the citation reference. | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{thebibliography}{1} | |
\bibitem {clar:eke} | |
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I.: | |
Nonlinear oscillations and boundary-value problems for | |
Hamiltonian systems. | |
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 78, 315--333 (1982) | |
\end{thebibliography} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
% | |
\subsection{Author-Year System} | |
% | |
References are cited in the text by name and year in parentheses | |
and should look as follows: | |
(Smith 1970, 1980), (Ekeland et al. 1985, Theorem 2), (Jones and Jaffe | |
1986; Farrow 1988, Chap.\,2). If the name is part of the sentence | |
only the year may appear in parentheses, | |
e.g.\ Ekeland et al. (1985, Sect.\,2.1) | |
The reference list should contain all citations occurring in the text, | |
ordered alphabetically by surname (with initials following). If there | |
are several works by the same author(s) the references should be listed | |
in the appropriate order indicated below: | |
\begin{alpherate} | |
\setlength{\hfuzz}{5pt} | |
\item | |
One author: list works chronologically; | |
\item | |
Author and same co-author(s): list works chronologically; | |
\item | |
Author and different co-authors: list works alphabetically | |
according to co-authors. | |
\end{alpherate} | |
If there are several works by the same author(s) and in the same year, | |
but which are cited separately, they should be distinguished by the use | |
of ``a'', ``b'' etc., e.g.\ (Smith 1982a), (Ekeland et al. 1982b). | |
% | |
\subsubsection*{How to Code Author-Year System.} | |
% | |
If you want to use this system you have to specify the option | |
\verb|[citeauthoryear]| in the \verb|documentclass|, like: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\documentclass[citeauthoryear]{llncs} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
Write your citations in the text explicitly except for the year, leaving | |
that up to \LaTeX{} with the \verb|\cite| command. Then give only the | |
appropriate year as the optional argument (i.e. the label in square | |
brackets) with the \verb|\bibitem| command(s).\\[2mm] | |
{\itshape Sample Input} | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
The results in this section are a refined version | |
of Clarke and Ekeland (\cite{clar:eke}); the minimality result of | |
Proposition~14 was the first of its kind. | |
\end{verbatim} | |
The above input produces the citation: ``\dots\ refined version of | |
Clarke and Ekeland (1982); the minimality\dots''. Then the | |
\verb|\bibitem| entry of \verb|clar:eke| in the \verb|thebibliography| | |
environment should read: | |
\begin{verbatim} | |
\begin{thebibliography}{} % (do not forget {}) | |
. | |
. | |
\bibitem[1982]{clar:eke} | |
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I.: | |
Nonlinear oscillations and boundary-value problems for | |
Hamiltonian systems. | |
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 78, 315--333 (1982) | |
. | |
. | |
\end{thebibliography} | |
\end{verbatim} | |
{\itshape Sample Output} | |
\bibauthoryear | |
% | |
\end{document} |