From 6ceea384dcbd5785b3ddd49e1533c3edcf2bf309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Ryan C. Cooper" Date: Tue, 28 Mar 2017 11:53:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] added lecture 16 --- lecture_16/lecture_16.ipynb | 29 +- .../lecture_16-checkpoint.ipynb | 754 +++++ .../lecture_17-checkpoint.ipynb | 6 + lecture_17/gen_examples.m | 5 + lecture_17/lecture_16.ipynb | 2710 +++++++++++++++++ lecture_17/lecture_17.ipynb | 74 + lecture_17/octave-workspace | Bin 0 -> 23760 bytes lecture_17/q1.png | Bin 0 -> 23217 bytes lecture_17/q2.png | Bin 0 -> 25757 bytes lecture_17/sin_data.csv | 2 + lecture_17/xy_data.csv | 2 + 11 files changed, 3575 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) create mode 100644 lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_16-checkpoint.ipynb create mode 100644 lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_17-checkpoint.ipynb create mode 100644 lecture_17/gen_examples.m create mode 100644 lecture_17/lecture_16.ipynb create mode 100644 lecture_17/lecture_17.ipynb create mode 100644 lecture_17/octave-workspace create mode 100644 lecture_17/q1.png create mode 100644 lecture_17/q2.png create mode 100644 lecture_17/sin_data.csv create mode 100644 lecture_17/xy_data.csv diff --git a/lecture_16/lecture_16.ipynb b/lecture_16/lecture_16.ipynb index 7ab08d2..206e84c 100644 --- a/lecture_16/lecture_16.ipynb +++ b/lecture_16/lecture_16.ipynb @@ -20644,7 +20644,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 123, + "execution_count": 200, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, @@ -20793,12 +20793,20 @@ "\n", "\n", "\n", - "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", - "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tdata\n", + "\n", "\n", "\n", - "\t \n", - "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tdata\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", @@ -20806,11 +20814,17 @@ "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", + "\t\n", "\n", "\t\n", - "\tgnuplot_plot_2a\n", + "\tbest-fit\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tbest-fit\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", "\n", - "\t\n", + "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "\n", @@ -20851,6 +20865,7 @@ "a=A\\b\n", "\n", "plot(x,y,'o',x,a(1)+a(2)*x)\n", + "legend('data','best-fit','Location','NorthWest')\n", "xlabel('Force (N)')\n", "ylabel('velocity (m/s)')" ] diff --git a/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_16-checkpoint.ipynb b/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_16-checkpoint.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37443ae --- /dev/null +++ b/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_16-checkpoint.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 171, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "setdefaults" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 172, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "%plot --format svg" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "![question 1](q1.png)\n", + "\n", + "![question 2](q2.png)\n", + "\n", + "### Project Ideas so far\n", + "\n", + "- Nothing yet...probably something heat transfer related\n", + "\n", + "- Modeling Propulsion or Propagation of Sound Waves\n", + "\n", + "- Low Thrust Orbital Transfer\n", + "\n", + "- Tracking motion of a satellite entering orbit until impact\n", + "\n", + "- What ever you think is best.\n", + "\n", + "- You had heat transfer project as an option; that sounded cool\n", + "\n", + "- Heat transfer through a pipe\n", + "\n", + "- I would prefer to do something with beam/plate mechanics or vibrations than a heat transfer or thermo problem\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Questions from you:\n", + "\n", + "- Is attempting to divide by zero an acceptable project idea?\n", + "\n", + "- Would it be alright if we worked in a group of 4?\n", + "\n", + "- What are acceptable project topics?\n", + "\n", + "- How do the exams look? \n", + "\n", + "- Is there no pdf for the lecture today?\n", + "\n", + "- Thank you for making the formatted lectures available!\n", + "\n", + "- did you do anything cool over spring break?\n", + "\n", + "- Could we have a group of 4? We don't want to have to choose which one of us is on their own.\n", + "\n", + "- In HW 5 should there be 4 vectors as an input?\n", + "\n", + "- Would it be possible for me to join a group of 3? I seem to be the odd man out in two 3 member groups that my friends are in." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Linear Least Squares Regression\n", + "\n", + "When approximating a set of data as a polynomial, there will always be error introduced (except in 2 cases). \n", + "\n", + "For a straight line, the actual data points, $y_{i}$ as a function of the independent variable, $x_{i}$, is:\n", + "\n", + "$y_{i}=a_{0}+a_{1}x_{i}+e_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "where $a_{0}$ and $a_{1}$ are the intercept and slope of the line and $e_{i}$ is the error between the approximate function and the recorded data point. \n", + "\n", + "We make the following assumptions in this analysis:\n", + "\n", + "1. Each x has a fixed value; it is not random and is known without error.\n", + "\n", + "2. The y values are independent random variables and all have the same variance.\n", + "\n", + "3. The y values for a given x must be normally distributed.\n", + "\n", + "The total error is \n", + "\n", + "$\\sum_{i=1}^{n}e_{i}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})$\n", + "\n", + "we don't care about the sign though. One approach has been demonstrated to provide a unique solution is minimizing the sum of squares error or\n", + "\n", + "$S_{r}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}e_{i}^{2}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "Where, $S_{r}$ is the sum of squares error (SSE). \n", + "\n", + "$\\frac{\\partial S_{r}}{\\partial a_{0}}=-2\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})$\n", + "\n", + "$\\frac{\\partial S_{r}}{\\partial a_{1}}=-2\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})x_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "The minimum $S_{r}$ occurrs when the partial derivatives are 0. \n", + "\n", + "$\\sum y_{i}= \\sum a_{0}+\\sum a_{1}x_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "$\\sum x_{i}y_{i}= \\sum a_{0}x_{i}+\\sum a_{1}x_{i}^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "$\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n", + "\\sum y_{i}\\\\\n", + "\\sum x_{i}y_{i}\\end{array}\\right]=\n", + "\\left[\\begin{array}{cc}\n", + "n & \\sum x_{i}\\\\\n", + "\\sum x_{i} & \\sum x_{i}^{2}\\end{array}\\right]\n", + "\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n", + "a_{0}\\\\\n", + "a_{1}\\end{array}\\right]$\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "$b=Ax$\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Example \n", + "\n", + "Find drag coefficient with best-fit line to experimental data\n", + "\n", + "|i | v (m/s) | F (N) |\n", + "|---|---|---|\n", + "|1 | 10 | 25 |\n", + "|2 | 20 | 70 |\n", + "|3 | 30 | 380|\n", + "|4 | 40 | 550|\n", + "|5 | 50 | 610|\n", + "|6 | 60 | 1220|\n", + "|7 | 70 | 830 |\n", + "|8 |80 | 1450|" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 200, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a =\n", + "\n", + " -234.286\n", + " 19.470\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t2000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t30\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t50\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t70\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tvelocity (m/s)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tForce (N)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tdata\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tdata\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tbest-fit\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tbest-fit\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "drag_data=[...\n", + "1 , 10 , 25 \n", + "2 , 20 , 70 \n", + "3 , 30 , 380\n", + "4 , 40 , 550\n", + "5 , 50 , 610\n", + "6 , 60 , 1220\n", + "7 , 70 , 830 \n", + "8 ,80 , 1450];\n", + "x=drag_data(:,2);\n", + "y=drag_data(:,3);\n", + "\n", + "b=[sum(y);sum(x.*y)];\n", + "A=[length(x),sum(x);\n", + " sum(x), sum(x.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a=A\\b\n", + "\n", + "plot(x,y,'o',x,a(1)+a(2)*x)\n", + "legend('data','best-fit','Location','NorthWest')\n", + "xlabel('Force (N)')\n", + "ylabel('velocity (m/s)')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "How do we know its a \"good\" fit? \n", + "\n", + "Can compare the sum of squares error to the total sum of squares of the dependent variable (here F). \n", + "\n", + "$S_{r}=\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "$S_{t}=\\sum(y_{i}-\\bar{y})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "Then, we can calculate the *coefficient of determination*, $r^{2}$ or *correlation coefficient*, r. \n", + "\n", + "$r^{2}=\\frac{S_{t}-S_{r}}{S_{t}}$\n", + "\n", + "This represents the relative improvement of assuming that y is a function of x (if the x-values are not random and the y-values are random)\n", + "\n", + "For further information regarding statistical work on regression, look at \n", + "[NIST Statistics Handbook](http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmd/section4/pmd44.htm)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 128, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "St = 1.8083e+06\n", + "St = 1.8083e+06\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Sr=sum((y-a(1)-a(2)*x).^2);\n", + "St=std(y)^2*(length(y)-1)\n", + "St=sum((y-mean(y)).^2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 130, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "r2 = 0.88049\n", + "r = 0.93834\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "r2=(St-Sr)/St\n", + "r=sqrt(r2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Limiting cases \n", + "\n", + "#### $r^{2}=0$ $S_{r}=S{t}$\n", + "\n", + "#### $r^{2}=1$ $S_{r}=0$" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 152, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.6\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.8\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.6\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.8\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tCase 1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tCase 1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tCase 2\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tCase 2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "gen_examples\n", + "plot(x1(1:50:end),y1(1:50:end),'s',x2,y2,'o')\n", + "legend('Case 1','Case 2','Location','NorthWest')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 157, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a1 =\n", + "\n", + " 0.0497269\n", + " 0.0016818\n", + "\n", + "a2 =\n", + "\n", + " 0\n", + " 1\n", + "\n", + "Sr1 = 0.82607\n", + "St1 = 0.82631\n", + "coefficient of determination in Case 1 is 0.000286\n", + "Sr2 = 0\n", + "St2 = 1.0185\n", + "coefficient of determination in Case 2 is 1.000000\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "b1=[sum(y1);sum(x1.*y1)];\n", + "A1=[length(x1),sum(x1);\n", + " sum(x1), sum(x1.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a1=A1\\b1\n", + "\n", + "b2=[sum(y2);sum(x2.*y2)];\n", + "A2=[length(x2),sum(x2);\n", + " sum(x2), sum(x2.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a2=A2\\b2\n", + "\n", + "Sr1=sum((y1-a1(1)-a1(2)*x1).^2)\n", + "St1=sum((y1-mean(y1)).^2)\n", + "fprintf('coefficient of determination in Case 1 is %f\\n',1-Sr1/St1)\n", + "\n", + "Sr2=sum((y2-a2(1)-a2(2)*x2).^2)\n", + "St2=sum((y2-mean(y2)).^2)\n", + "\n", + "fprintf('coefficient of determination in Case 2 is %f\\n',1-Sr2/St2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "# General Regression (Linear and nonlinear)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Octave", + "language": "octave", + "name": "octave" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".m", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "octave", + "version": "0.19.14" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_17-checkpoint.ipynb b/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_17-checkpoint.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fd6442 --- /dev/null +++ b/lecture_17/.ipynb_checkpoints/lecture_17-checkpoint.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "cells": [], + "metadata": {}, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/lecture_17/gen_examples.m b/lecture_17/gen_examples.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5d6890 --- /dev/null +++ b/lecture_17/gen_examples.m @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +x1=linspace(0,1,1000)'; +y1=0*x1+0.1*rand(length(x1),1); + +x2=linspace(0,1,10)'; +y2=1*x2; diff --git a/lecture_17/lecture_16.ipynb b/lecture_17/lecture_16.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3159c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/lecture_17/lecture_16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,2710 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 65, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "setdefaults" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 66, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "%plot --format svg" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "![question 1](q1.png)\n", + "\n", + "![question 2](q2.png)\n", + "\n", + "### Project Ideas so far\n", + "\n", + "- Nothing yet...probably something heat transfer related\n", + "\n", + "- Modeling Propulsion or Propagation of Sound Waves\n", + "\n", + "- Low Thrust Orbital Transfer\n", + "\n", + "- Tracking motion of a satellite entering orbit until impact\n", + "\n", + "- What ever you think is best.\n", + "\n", + "- You had heat transfer project as an option; that sounded cool\n", + "\n", + "- Heat transfer through a pipe\n", + "\n", + "- I would prefer to do something with beam/plate mechanics or vibrations than a heat transfer or thermo problem\n", + "\n", + "- Modeling Couette flow with a pressure gradient using a discretized form of the Navier-Stokes equation and comparing it to the analytical solution\n", + "\n", + "- Software to instruct a robotic arm to orient itself based on input from a gyroscope" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Questions from you:\n", + "\n", + "How was your spring break\n", + "\n", + "Are grades for hw 3 and 4 going to be posted?\n", + "\n", + "For class occasionally switching to doc cam and working through problems by hand might help get ideas across.\n", + "\n", + "Are you assigning those who do not have groups to groups?\n", + "\n", + "How do you graph a standard distribution in Matlab?\n", + "\n", + "What is the longest code you have written?\n", + "\n", + "how to approach probability for hw 5?\n", + "??\n", + "\n", + "Will you be assigning groups to people who do not currently have one? \n", + "\n", + "what are some basic guidelines we should use to brainstorm project ideas?\n", + "\n", + "Are you a fan of bananas?\n", + "\n", + "Going through code isn't the most helpful, because you can easily lose interest. But I am not sure what else you can do.\n", + "\n", + "Has lecture 15 been posted yet? Looking in the repository I can't seem to find it." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Linear Least Squares Regression\n", + "\n", + "When approximating a set of data as a polynomial, there will always be error introduced (except in 2 cases). \n", + "\n", + "For a straight line, the actual data points, $y_{i}$ as a function of the independent variable, $x_{i}$, is:\n", + "\n", + "$y_{i}=a_{0}+a_{1}x_{i}+e_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "where $a_{0}$ and $a_{1}$ are the intercept and slope of the line and $e_{i}$ is the error between the approximate function and the recorded data point. \n", + "\n", + "We make the following assumptions in this analysis:\n", + "\n", + "1. Each x has a fixed value; it is not random and is known without error.\n", + "\n", + "2. The y values are independent random variables and all have the same variance.\n", + "\n", + "3. The y values for a given x must be normally distributed.\n", + "\n", + "The total error is \n", + "\n", + "$\\sum_{i=1}^{n}e_{i}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})$\n", + "\n", + "we don't care about the sign though. One approach has been demonstrated to provide a unique solution is minimizing the sum of squares error or\n", + "\n", + "$S_{r}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}e_{i}^{2}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "Where, $S_{r}$ is the sum of squares error (SSE). \n", + "\n", + "$\\frac{\\partial S_{r}}{\\partial a_{0}}=-2\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})$\n", + "\n", + "$\\frac{\\partial S_{r}}{\\partial a_{1}}=-2\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})x_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "The minimum $S_{r}$ occurrs when the partial derivatives are 0. \n", + "\n", + "$\\sum y_{i}= \\sum a_{0}+\\sum a_{1}x_{i}$\n", + "\n", + "$\\sum x_{i}y_{i}= \\sum a_{0}x_{i}+\\sum a_{1}x_{i}^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "$\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n", + "\\sum y_{i}\\\\\n", + "\\sum x_{i}y_{i}\\end{array}\\right]=\n", + "\\left[\\begin{array}{cc}\n", + "n & \\sum x_{i}\\\\\n", + "\\sum x_{i} & \\sum x_{i}^{2}\\end{array}\\right]\n", + "\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n", + "a_{0}\\\\\n", + "a_{1}\\end{array}\\right]$\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "$b=Ax$\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Example \n", + "\n", + "Find drag coefficient with best-fit line to experimental data\n", + "\n", + "|i | v (m/s) | F (N) |\n", + "|---|---|---|\n", + "|1 | 10 | 25 |\n", + "|2 | 20 | 70 |\n", + "|3 | 30 | 380|\n", + "|4 | 40 | 550|\n", + "|5 | 50 | 610|\n", + "|6 | 60 | 1220|\n", + "|7 | 70 | 830 |\n", + "|8 |80 | 1450|" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 68, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a =\n", + "\n", + " -234.286\n", + " 19.470\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t2000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t30\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t50\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t70\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tvelocity (m/s)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tForce (N)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tdata\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tdata\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tbest-fit\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tbest-fit\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "drag_data=[...\n", + "1 , 10 , 25 \n", + "2 , 20 , 70 \n", + "3 , 30 , 380\n", + "4 , 40 , 550\n", + "5 , 50 , 610\n", + "6 , 60 , 1220\n", + "7 , 70 , 830 \n", + "8 ,80 , 1450];\n", + "x=drag_data(:,2);\n", + "y=drag_data(:,3);\n", + "\n", + "b=[sum(y);sum(x.*y)];\n", + "A=[length(x),sum(x);\n", + " sum(x), sum(x.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a=A\\b\n", + "\n", + "plot(x,y,'o',x,a(1)+a(2)*x)\n", + "legend('data','best-fit','Location','NorthWest')\n", + "xlabel('Force (N)')\n", + "ylabel('velocity (m/s)')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 72, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-2000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1000\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-500\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t30\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t50\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t70\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tresiduals (N)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tvelocity (m/s)\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tModel does not capture measurements\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tdata\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tdata\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "plot(x,y-a(1)-40*x)\n", + "legend('data','best-fit','Location','NorthWest')\n", + "ylabel('residuals (N)')\n", + "xlabel('velocity (m/s)')\n", + "title('Model does not capture measurements')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "How do we know its a \"good\" fit? \n", + "\n", + "Can compare the sum of squares error to the total sum of squares of the dependent variable (here F). \n", + "\n", + "$S_{r}=\\sum(y_{i}-a_{0}-a_{1}x_{i})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "$S_{t}=\\sum(y_{i}-\\bar{y})^{2}$\n", + "\n", + "Then, we can calculate the *coefficient of determination*, $r^{2}$ or *correlation coefficient*, r. \n", + "\n", + "$r^{2}=\\frac{S_{t}-S_{r}}{S_{t}}$\n", + "\n", + "This represents the relative improvement of assuming that y is a function of x (if the x-values are not random and the y-values are random)\n", + "\n", + "For further information regarding statistical work on regression, look at \n", + "[NIST Statistics Handbook](http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmd/section4/pmd44.htm)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 73, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "St = 1.8083e+06\n", + "St = 1.8083e+06\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Sr=sum((y-a(1)-a(2)*x).^2);\n", + "St=std(y)^2*(length(y)-1)\n", + "St=sum((y-mean(y)).^2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 74, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "r2 = 0.88049\n", + "r = 0.93834\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "r2=(St-Sr)/St\n", + "r=sqrt(r2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Limiting cases \n", + "\n", + "#### $r^{2}=0$ $S_{r}=S{t}$\n", + "\n", + "#### $r^{2}=1$ $S_{r}=0$" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 76, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.6\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.8\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.6\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.8\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tCase 1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tCase 1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tCase 2\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tCase 2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "gen_examples\n", + "plot(x1(1:50:end),y1(1:50:end),'s',x2,y2,'o')\n", + "legend('Case 1','Case 2','Location','NorthWest')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 77, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a1 =\n", + "\n", + " 0.0482496\n", + " 0.0017062\n", + "\n", + "a2 =\n", + "\n", + " 0\n", + " 1\n", + "\n", + "Sr1 = 0.83505\n", + "St1 = 0.83529\n", + "coefficient of determination in Case 1 is 0.000291\n", + "Sr2 = 0\n", + "St2 = 1.0185\n", + "coefficient of determination in Case 2 is 1.000000\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "b1=[sum(y1);sum(x1.*y1)];\n", + "A1=[length(x1),sum(x1);\n", + " sum(x1), sum(x1.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a1=A1\\b1\n", + "\n", + "b2=[sum(y2);sum(x2.*y2)];\n", + "A2=[length(x2),sum(x2);\n", + " sum(x2), sum(x2.^2)];\n", + " \n", + "a2=A2\\b2\n", + "\n", + "Sr1=sum((y1-a1(1)-a1(2)*x1).^2)\n", + "St1=sum((y1-mean(y1)).^2)\n", + "fprintf('coefficient of determination in Case 1 is %f\\n',1-Sr1/St1)\n", + "\n", + "Sr2=sum((y2-a2(1)-a2(2)*x2).^2)\n", + "St2=sum((y2-mean(y2)).^2)\n", + "\n", + "fprintf('coefficient of determination in Case 2 is %f\\n',1-Sr2/St2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "# General Linear Regression" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "In general, you may want to fit other polynomials besides degree-1 (straight-lines)\n", + "\n", + "$y=a_{0}+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}+\\cdots+a_{m}x^{m}+e$\n", + "\n", + "Now, the solution for $a_{0},~a_{1},...a_{m}$ is the minimization of m+1-dependent linear equations. \n", + "\n", + "Consider the following data:\n", + "\n", + "| x | y |\n", + "|---|---|\n", + "| 0.00 | 21.50 |\n", + "| 2.00 | 20.84 |\n", + "| 4.00 | 23.19 |\n", + "| 6.00 | 22.69 |\n", + "| 8.00 | 30.27 |\n", + "| 10.00 | 40.11 |\n", + "| 12.00 | 43.31 |\n", + "| 14.00 | 54.79 |\n", + "| 16.00 | 70.88 |\n", + "| 18.00 | 89.48 |\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 78, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t30\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t50\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t70\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t90\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t100\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "load xy_data.csv\n", + "x=xy_data(1,:)';\n", + "y=xy_data(2,:)';\n", + "plot(x,y,'o')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 46, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "xy_data =\n", + "\n", + " Columns 1 through 7:\n", + "\n", + " 0.00000 2.00000 4.00000 6.00000 8.00000 10.00000 12.00000\n", + " 21.50114 20.84153 23.19201 22.69498 30.26687 40.11075 43.30543\n", + "\n", + " Columns 8 through 11:\n", + "\n", + " 14.00000 16.00000 18.00000 20.00000\n", + " 54.78730 70.88443 89.48368 97.28135\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "xy_data" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "The model can be rewritten as \n", + "\n", + "$y=\\left[Z\\right]a+e$\n", + "\n", + "where $a=\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n", + " a_{0}\\\\\n", + " a_{1}\\\\\n", + " a_{2}\\end{array}\\right]$\n", + " \n", + "$[Z]=\\left[\\begin{array} \n", + "1 & x_{1} & x_{1}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{2} & x_{2}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{3} & x_{3}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{4} & x_{4}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{5} & x_{5}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{6} & x_{6}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{7} & x_{7}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{8} & x_{8}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{9} & x_{9}^{2} \\\\\n", + "1 & x_{10} & x_{10}^{2} \\end{array}\\right]$\n", + "\n", + "The sum of squares residuals for this model is\n", + "\n", + "$S_{r}=\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\left(y_{i}-\\sum_{j=0}^{m}a_{j}z_{ji}\\right)$\n", + "\n", + "Minimizing this function results in\n", + "\n", + "$y=[Z]a$\n", + "\n", + "->**A standard Linear Algebra Problem**\n", + "\n", + "*the vector a is unknown, and Z is calculated based upon the assumed function*\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 79, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Z =\n", + "\n", + " 1 0 0\n", + " 1 2 4\n", + " 1 4 16\n", + " 1 6 36\n", + " 1 8 64\n", + " 1 10 100\n", + " 1 12 144\n", + " 1 14 196\n", + " 1 16 256\n", + " 1 18 324\n", + " 1 20 400\n", + "\n", + "a =\n", + "\n", + " 21.40341\n", + " -0.81538\n", + " 0.23935\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Z=[x.^0,x,x.^2]\n", + "\n", + "a=Z\\y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 80, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t100\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t120\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_2a\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "x_fcn=linspace(min(x),max(x));\n", + "plot(x,y,'o',x_fcn,a(1)+a(2)*x_fcn+a(3)*x_fcn.^2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### General Coefficient of Determination\n", + "\n", + "$r^{2}=\\frac{S_{t}-S_{r}}{S_{t}}=1-\\frac{S_{r}}{S_t}$" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 49, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "St = 27.923\n", + "Sr = 2.6366\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "St=std(y)\n", + "Sr=std(y-a(1)-a(2)*x-a(3)*x.^2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 81, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "the coefficient of determination for this fit is 0.880485\n", + "the correlation coefficient this fit is 0.938342\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "r2=1-Sr/St;\n", + "r=sqrt(r2);\n", + "\n", + "fprintf('the coefficient of determination for this fit is %f',r2)\n", + "fprintf('the correlation coefficient this fit is %f',r)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Compare this to a straight line fit" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 83, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "St = 27.923\n", + "Sr = 9.2520\n", + "the coefficient of determination for this fit is 0.668655\n", + "the correlation coefficient this fit is 0.817713\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t100\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t120\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_2a\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_3a\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "Z=[ones(size(x)) x];\n", + "a_line=Z\\y;\n", + "x_fcn=linspace(min(x),max(x));\n", + "plot(x,y,'o',x_fcn,a(1)+a(2)*x_fcn+a(3)*x_fcn.^2,...\n", + "x_fcn,a_line(1)+a_line(2)*x_fcn)\n", + "St=std(y)\n", + "Sr=std(y-a_line(1)-a_line(2)*x)\n", + "r2=1-Sr/St;\n", + "r=sqrt(r2);\n", + "\n", + "fprintf('the coefficient of determination for this fit is %f',r2)\n", + "fprintf('the correlation coefficient this fit is %f',r)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 85, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tresiduals of straight line\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "plot(x,y-a_line(1)-a_line(2)*x)\n", + "title('residuals of straight line')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 86, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t2\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t4\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t6\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tresiduals of parabola\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\tgnuplot_plot_1a\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "plot(x,y-a(1)-a(2)*x-a(3)*x.^2)\n", + "title('residuals of parabola')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Warning \n", + "**Coefficient of determination reduction does not always mean a better fit**\n", + "\n", + "Try the function, \n", + "\n", + "$y(x)=a_0+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}+a_{4}x^{4}+a_{5}x^{5}+a_{5}x^{5}+a_{6}x^{6}+a_{7}x^{7}+a_{8}x^{8}$" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 90, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a_overfit =\n", + "\n", + " 2.1487e+01\n", + " -1.4264e+01\n", + " 1.5240e+01\n", + " -6.0483e+00\n", + " 1.1887e+00\n", + " -1.2651e-01\n", + " 7.4379e-03\n", + " -2.2702e-04\n", + " 2.8063e-06\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Z=[ones(size(x)) x x.^2 x.^3 x.^4 x.^5 x.^6 x.^7 x.^8];\n", + "a_overfit=Z\\y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 91, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t40\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t60\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t80\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t100\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t120\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t10\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t15\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t20\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tdata\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tdata\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\tparabola\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tparabola\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\tn=8-fit\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\tn=8-fit\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "" + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "plot(x,y,'o',x_fcn,a(1)+a(2)*x_fcn+a(3)*x_fcn.^2,...\n", + "x_fcn,a_overfit(1)+a_overfit(2)*x_fcn+a_overfit(3)*x_fcn.^2+...\n", + "a_overfit(4)*x_fcn.^3+a_overfit(5)*x_fcn.^4+...\n", + "a_overfit(6)*x_fcn.^5+a_overfit(7)*x_fcn.^6+...\n", + "a_overfit(8)*x_fcn.^7+a_overfit(9)*x_fcn.^8)\n", + "legend('data','parabola','n=8-fit','Location','NorthWest')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 92, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "St = 27.923\n", + "Sr = 0.77320\n", + "the coefficient of determination for this fit is 0.972309\n", + "the correlation coefficient this fit is 0.986057\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "St=std(y)\n", + "Sr=std(y-polyval(a_overfit(end:-1:1),x))\n", + "r2=1-Sr/St;\n", + "r=sqrt(r2);\n", + "\n", + "fprintf('the coefficient of determination for this fit is %f',r2)\n", + "fprintf('the correlation coefficient this fit is %f',r)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Linear Regression is only limited by the ability to separate the parameters from the function to achieve\n", + "\n", + "$y=[Z]a$\n", + "\n", + "$Z$ can be any function of the independent variable(s)\n", + "\n", + "**Example**:\n", + "We assume two functions are added together, sin(t) and sin(3t). What are the amplitudes?\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 93, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-0.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t1.5\n", + 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[ + "a =\n", + "\n", + " 0.99727\n", + " 0.50251\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Z=[sin(t) sin(3*t)];\n", + "a=Z\\y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 95, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/svg+xml": [ + "\n", + "\n", + "Gnuplot\n", + "Produced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 3 \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\t \n", + "\t \n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-1\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t-0.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\n", + "\t\t0.5\n", + "\t\n", + "\n", 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"metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Octave", + "language": "octave", + "name": "octave" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".m", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "octave", + "version": "0.19.14" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/lecture_17/lecture_17.ipynb b/lecture_17/lecture_17.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9fec04 --- /dev/null +++ b/lecture_17/lecture_17.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "setdefaults" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "%plot --format svg" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Questions from last class\n", + "\n", + "### Questions for me\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# General Regression (Linear and nonlinear)\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Octave", + "language": "octave", + "name": "octave" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".m", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "octave", + "version": "0.19.14" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/lecture_17/octave-workspace b/lecture_17/octave-workspace new file mode 100644 index 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